The uncertainty principle: variations on a theme

Avi Wigderson, Yuval Wigderson

Published 2020-06-19Version 1

We show how a number of well-known uncertainty principles for the Fourier transform, such as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the Donoho--Stark uncertainty principle, and Meshulam's non-abelian uncertainty principle, have little to do with the structure of the Fourier transform itself. Rather, all of these results follow from very weak properties of the Fourier transform (shared by numerous linear operators), namely that it is bounded as an operator $L^1 \to L^\infty$, and that it is unitary. Using a single, simple proof template, and only these (or weaker) properties, we obtain some new proofs and many generalizations of these basic uncertainty principles, to new operators and to new settings, in a completely unified way. This paper can also serve as a survey of the many facets of the uncertainty principle.