Pseudo-Hermitian Description of PT-Symmetric Systems Defined on a Complex Contour

Ali Mostafazadeh

Published 2004-10-01, updated 2005-02-18Version 3

We describe a method that allows for a practical application of the theory of pseudo-Hermitian operators to PT-symmetric systems defined on a complex contour. We apply this method to study the Hamiltonians $H=p^2+x^2(ix)^\nu$ with $\nu\in(-2,\infty)$ that are defined along the corresponding anti-Stokes lines. In particular, we reveal the intrinsic non-Hermiticity of $H$ for the cases that $\nu$ is an even integer, so that $H=p^2\pm x^{2+\nu}$, and give a proof of the discreteness of the spectrum of $H$ for all $\nu\in(-2,\infty)$. Furthermore, we study the consequences of defining a square-well Hamiltonian on a wedge-shaped complex contour. This yields a PT-symmetric system with a finite number of real eigenvalues. We present a comprehensive analysis of this system within the framework of pseudo-Hermitian quantum mechanics. We also outline a direct pseudo-Hermitian treatment of PT-symmetric systems defined on a complex contour which clarifies the underlying mathematical structure of the formulation of PT-symmetric quantum mechanics based on the charge-conjugation operator. Our results provide a conclusive evidence that pseudo-Hermitian quantum mechanics provides a complete description of general PT-symmetric systems regardless of whether they are defined along the real line or a complex contour.