Longtime Monitoring of TeV Radio Galaxies with HAWC

R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, E. Anita-Rangel, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, P. Bangale, E. Belmont-Moreno, A. Bernal, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, F. Carreón, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, D. Depaoli, P. Desiati, N. Di Lalla, R. Diaz Hernandez, M. A. DuVernois, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, T. Ergin, C. Espinoza, N. Fraija, S. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, A. Gonzalez Muñoz, M. M. González, J. A. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Groetsch, J. P. Harding, I. Herzog, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, A. Iriarte, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, A. Lara, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, M. Najafi, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, N. Omodei, M. Osorio-Archila, E. Ponce, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, A. Rodriguez Parra, D. Rosa-González, M. Roth, H. Salazar, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, E. Varela, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, Z. Wang, I. J. Watson, H. Wu, S. Yu, H. Zhou, C. de León

Published 2025-06-19Version 1

We present the monitoring of the TeV-emitting radio galaxies M87, NGC~1275, 3C~264, and IC~310 with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC) over a period of approximately $7.5$ years. The analysis includes light curves at daily, weekly and monthly time scales for the four sources. We report the detection of gamma-ray emission from M87 with a significance exceeding 5$\sigma$. Due to its significant detection, this work reports the integrated TeV spectrum of M87 from the longest temporal coverage up to date. The source is well described as a point-like source modeled by a power law spectrum with spectral index $\alpha = 2.53\pm0.29$ and a flux of $(7.09\pm 1.24)\times10^{-13}$ $\rm{cm}^{-2}\,{s}^{-1}\,{TeV}^{-1}$ at $1\,\rm{TeV}$. The maximum energy of the detected emission in M87, at 1$\sigma$ confidence level (C.L.), reaches 26.5 TeV. HAWC's observation of M87 reveals a low flux spectrum for the longest observation to date of this radio galaxy. 3C~264 is marginally detected with a significance slightly below 4$\sigma$, while NGC~1275 and IC~310 are not detected. The weekly light curves show an increased number of fluxes above $2\sigma$ for M87 starting in 2019, and for 3C~264 starting in 2018, which can be interpreted as the moment for which these sources start to exhibit an enhanced steady TeV emission. Overall, in the four radio galaxies, the cumulative significance over time indicates a behavior that resembles that of a gamma-ray variable active galaxy, such as the blazar Markarian 421. This supports the importance of monitoring radio galaxies to identify periods of higher activity and flares, enabling further multi-messenger studies.