Ultra High-Redshift or Closer-by, Dust-Obscured Galaxies? Deciphering the Nature of Faint, Previously Missed F200W-Dropouts in CEERS

G. Gandolfi, G. Rodighiero, L. Bisigello, A. Grazian, S. L. Finkelstein, M. Dickinson, M. Castellano, E. Merlin, A. Calabrò, C. Papovich, A. Bianchetti, E. Bañados, P. Benotto, F. Buitrago, E. Daddi, G. Girardi, M. Giulietti, M. Hirschmann, B. W. Holwerda, P. Arrabal Haro, A. Lapi, R. A. Lucas, Y. Lyu, M. Massardi, F. Pacucci, P. G. Pérez-González, T. Ronconi, M. Tarrasse, S. Wilkins, B. Vulcani, L. Y. A. Yung, J. A. Zavala, B. Backhaus, M. Bagley, V. Buat, D. Burgarella, J. Kartaltepe, Y. Khusanova, A. Kirkpatrick, D. Kocevski, A. M. Koekemoer, E. Lambrides, N. Pirzkal, G. Yang

Published 2025-02-04Version 1

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is revolutionizing our understanding of the Universe by unveiling faint, near-infrared dropouts previously beyond our reach, ranging from exceptionally dusty sources to galaxies up to redshift $z \sim 14$. In this paper, we identify F200W-dropout objects in the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey which are absent from existing catalogs. Our selection method can effectively identify obscured low-mass ($\log \text{M}_* \leq 9$) objects at $z \leq 6$, massive dust-rich sources up to $z \sim 12$, and ultra-high-redshift ($z > 15$) candidates. Primarily relying on NIRCam photometry from the latest CEERS data release and supplementing with Mid-Infrared/(sub-)mm data when available, our analysis pipeline combines multiple SED-fitting codes, star formation histories, and CosMix - a novel tool for astronomical stacking. Our work highlights three $2<z<3$ dusty dwarf galaxies which have larger masses compared to the typical dusty dwarfs previously identified in CEERS. Additionally, we reveal five faint sources with significant probability of lying above $z>15$, with best-fit masses compatible with $\Lambda$CDM and a standard baryons-to-star conversion efficiency. Their bi-modal redshift probability distributions suggest they could also be $z<1.5$ dwarf galaxies with extreme dust extinction. We also identify a strong line emitter galaxy at $z \sim 5$ mimicking the near-infrared emission of a $z \sim 13$ galaxy. Our sample holds promising candidates for future follow-ups. Confirming ultra high-redshift galaxies or lower-z dusty dwarfs will offer valuable insights into early galaxy formation, evolution with their central black holes and the nature of dark matter, and/or cosmic dust production mechanisms in low-mass galaxies, and will help us to understand degeneracies and contamination in high-z object searches.