NGDEEP: The Star Formation and Ionization Properties of Galaxies at $1.7 < z < 3.4$

Lu Shen, Casey Papovich, Jasleen Matharu, Nor Pirzkal, Weida Hu, Danielle A. Berg, Micaela B. Bagley, Bren E. Backhaus, Nikko J. Cleri, Mark Dickinson, Steven L. Finkelstein, Nimish P. Hathi, Marc Huertas-Company, Taylor A. Hutchison, Mauro Giavalisco, Norman A. Grogin, Anne E. Jaskot, Intae Jung, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Anton M. Koekemoer, Jennifer M. Lotz, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Barry Rothberg, Raymond C. Simons, Brittany N. Vanderhoof, L. Y. Aaron Yung

Published 2024-10-30Version 1

We use JWST/NIRISS slitless spectroscopy from the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) Survey to investigate the physical condition of star-forming galaxies at $1.7 < z < 3.4$. At these redshifts, the deep NGDEEP NIRISS slitless spectroscopy covers the [O II]$\lambda\lambda$3726,3729, [O III]$\lambda\lambda$4959,5007, H$\beta$ and H$\alpha$ emission features for galaxies with stellar masses $\log(\mathrm{M_\ast/M_\odot}) \gtrsim 7$, nearly a factor of a hundred lower than previous studies. We focus on the [O III]/[O II] (O$_{32}$) ratio which is primarily sensitive to the ionization state and with a secondary dependence on the gas-phase metallicity of the interstellar medium. We find significant ($\gtrsim5\sigma$) correlations between the O$_{32}$ ratio and galaxy properties as O$_{32}$ increases with decreasing stellar mass, decreasing star formation rate (SFR), increasing specific SFR (sSFR$\equiv \mathrm{SFR}/M_*$), and increasing equivalent width (EW) of H$\beta$ and H$\alpha$. These trends suggest a tight connection between the ionization parameter and these galaxy properties. Galaxies at $z\sim2-3$ exhibit a higher O$_{32}$ than local normal galaxies with the same stellar masses and SFRs, indicating that they have a higher ionization parameter and lower metallicity than local normal galaxies. In addition, we observe an evolutionary trend in the O$_{32}$ -- EW(H$\beta$) relation from $z\sim0$ and $z\gtrsim5$, such that higher redshift galaxies have higher EW(H$\beta$) and higher O$_{32}$ at fixed EW. We argue that both the enhanced recent star formation activity and the higher star formation surface density may contribute to the increase in O$_{32}$ and the ionization parameter.