IPA. Class 0 Protostars Viewed in CO Emission Using JWST/NIRSpec

Adam E. Rubinstein, Himanshu Tyagi, Pooneh Nazari, Robert Gutermuth, Samuel Federman, Mayank Narang, Will R. M. Rocha, Nashanty Brunken, Katie Slavicinska, Neal J. Evans II, Joel D. Green, Dan M. Watson, Henrik Beuther, Tyler Bourke, Alessio Caratti o Garatti, Lee Hartmann, Pamela Klaassen, Hendrik Linz, Leslie W. Looney, Puravankara Manoj, S. Thomas Megeath, James Muzerolle Page, Thomas Stanke, John J. Tobin, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Scott J. Wolk, Yao-Lun Yang

Published 2023-12-13Version 1

We investigate the bright CO fundamental emission in the central regions of five Class 0 protostars using the JWST's Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) and provide clues to what processes excite the gas. CO line emission images are extracted for a forest of $\sim$150 ro-vibrational transitions from two vibrational bands, $v=1-0$ and $v=2-1$. However, ${}^{13}$CO is not detected, and thus we can only statistically constrain the ${}^{12}$CO optical depth. Using noise measurements to determine upper limits to the ${}^{13}$CO emission, the flux ratio of ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO indicates that the ${}^{12}$CO emission itself is not optically thick for ro-vibrational transitions with upper state rotational quantum number $J_u \geq 15$. We construct population diagrams to estimate the rotational temperature and number of molecules from extinction-corrected CO line fluxes assuming CO emission is optically thin. Two different temperature components are required for $v=1$ ($\sim600-1000$ K and $\sim1500-3500$ K), while one hotter component is required for $v=2$ ($\sim2000-6000$ K). The vibrational temperature is $\sim 900$ K among our sources and shows no trend with luminosity. Using vibrational temperatures and the inferred total amount of CO molecules for our sources, the total warm gas mass correlates strongly with luminosity ranging from $\sim$0.1 $\rm M_{Earth}$ for the low-mass protostars to $\sim$1 M$_{\rm sun}$ for the high-mass protostars. Interpreting the distribution of gas column densities and temperatures depends on radiative and chemical processes affecting CO. The presence of a $v=2$ population may indicate CO gas radiatively excited. Selective UV photodissociation of CO isotopologues around our high-mass sources may explain their depletion of ${}^{13}$CO.