Discovery of torque reversal in the Be/X-ray binary pulsar GX 304-1

Amar Deo Chandra

Published 2023-11-22Version 1

We study the long-term spin period evolution of the Be/X-ray binary pulsar GX 304-1 and discover a new torque reversal after nearly three years of spinning up. The averaged spin-up rate before the torque reversal is $\sim 1.3 \times 10^{-13}$ Hz s$^{-1}$ which changes to an averaged spin-down rate of $\sim -5 \times 10^{-14}$ Hz s$^{-1}$. The pulsar is detected at low luminosities (about ${2}\times 10^{35}$ erg s$^{-1}$) near periastron passages during the torque reversal suggesting that accretion is not quenched during this period. The long-term optical observations of the companion star suggest that the activity of the companion star may have decreased compared to the period when X-ray outbursts were earlier detected from the pulsar. The spin-up rates estimated during regular bright outbursts of the pulsar are observed to decrease systematically as the pulsar enters a low activity state after the outbursts and undergoes torque reversal. We explore plausible mechanisms to explain the torque reversal and long-term spin-down in this pulsar.