Tight upper bound on the clique size in the square of 2-degenerate graphs

Seog-Jin Kim, Xiaopan Lian

Published 2023-11-06Version 1

The {\em square} of a graph $G$, denoted $G^2$, has the same vertex set as $G$ and has an edge between two vertices if the distance between them in $G$ is at most $2$. In general, $\Delta(G) + 1 \leq \chi(G^2) \leq \Delta(G)^2 +1$ for every graph $G$. Charpentier [1] asked whether $\chi(G^2) \leq 2 \Delta(G)$ if $mad(G) < 4$. But Hocquard, Kim, and Pierron [6] answered his question negatively. For every even value of $\Delta(G)$, they constructed a 2-degenerate graph $G$ such that $\omega(G^2) = \frac{5}{2} \Delta(G)$. Note that if $G$ is a 2-degenerate graph, then $mad(G) < 4$. Thus, we have that \[ {\displaystyle \frac{5}{2} \Delta(G) \leq \max \{\chi(G^2) : G \mbox{ is a 2-degenerate graph} \} \leq 3 \Delta(G) +1}. \] So, it was naturally asked whether there exists a constant $D_0$ such that $\chi(G^2) \leq \frac{5}{2} \Delta(G)$ if $G$ is a 2-degenerate graph with $\Delta(G) \geq D_0$. Recently Cranston and Yu [3] showed that $\omega(G^2) \leq \frac{5}{2} \Delta(G)+72$ if $G$ is a 2-degenerate graph, and $\omega(G^2) \leq \frac{5}{2} \Delta(G)+60$ if $G$ is a 2-degenerate graph with $\Delta(G) \geq 1729$. We show that there exists a constant $D_0$ such that $\omega(G^2) \leq \frac{5}{2} \Delta(G)$ if $G$ is a 2-degenerate graph with $\Delta(G) \geq D_0$. This upper bound on $\omega(G^2)$ is tight by the construction in [6].