(Co)homology of racks and multiple group racks for compact oriented surfaces in the 3-sphere

Shosaku Matsuzaki, Tomo Murao

Published 2023-10-20Version 1

We introduce (co)homology theory for multiple group racks and construct cocycle invariants of compact oriented surfaces in the 3-sphere using their 2-cocycles, where a multiple group rack is a rack consisting of a disjoint union of groups. We provide a method to find new rack cocycles and multiple group rack cocycles from existing rack cocycles and quandle cocycles. Evaluating cocycle invariants, we determine several symmetry types, caused by chirality and invertibility, of compact oriented surfaces in the 3-sphere.