The first systematically identified repeating partial tidal disruption event

Jean J. Somalwar, Vikram Ravi, Yuhan Yao, Muriel Guolo, Matthew Graham, Erica Hammerstein, Wenbin Lu, Matt Nicholl, Yashvi Sharma, Robert Stein, Sjoert van Velzen, Eric C. Bellm, Michael W. Coughlin, Steven L. Groom, Frank J. Masci, Reed Riddle

Published 2023-10-05Version 1

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star enters the tidal radius of a supermassive black hole (SMBH). If the star only grazes the tidal radius, a fraction of the stellar mass will be accreted in a partial TDE (pTDE). The remainder can continue orbiting and may re-disrupted at pericenter, causing a repeating pTDE. pTDEs may be as or more common than full TDEs (fTDEs), yet few are known. In this work, we present the discovery of the first repeating pTDE from a systematically-selected sample, AT\,2020vdq. AT\,2020vdq was originally identified as an optically- and radio-flaring TDE. Around $3$ years after its discovery, it rebrightened dramatically and rapidly in the optical. The optical flare was remarkably fast and luminous compared to previous TDEs. It was accompanied by extremely broad (${\sim}0.1c$) optical/UV spectral features and faint X-ray emission ($L_X \sim 3\times10^{41}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$), but no new radio-emitting component. Based on the transient optical/UV spectral features and the broadband light curve, we show that AT\,2020vdq is a repeating pTDE. We then use it to constrain TDE models; in particular, we favor a star originally in a very tight binary system that is tidally broken apart by the Hills mechanism. We also constrain the repeating pTDE rate to be $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-5}$ yr$^{-1}$ galaxy$^{-1}$, with uncertainties dominated by the unknown distribution of pTDE repeat timescales. In the Hills framework, this means the binary fraction in the galactic nucleus is of the order few percent.