Real roots of random polynomials: asymptotics of the variance

Yen Q. Do, Nhan D. V. Nguyen

Published 2023-03-09, updated 2024-05-07Version 2

We compute the precise leading asymptotics of the variance of the number of real roots for a large class of random polynomials, where the random coefficients have polynomial growth. Our results apply to many classical ensembles, including the Kac polynomials, hyperbolic polynomials, their derivatives, and any linear combinations of these polynomials. Prior to this paper, such asymptotics was only established for the Kac polynomials in the 1970s, with the seminal contribution of Maslova. The main ingredients of the proof are new asymptotic estimates for the two-point correlation function of the real roots, revealing geometric structures in the distribution of the real roots of these random polynomials. As a corollary, we obtain asymptotic normality for the real roots for these random polynomials, extending and strengthening a related result of O. Nguyen and V. Vu.