Hemispheric asymmetry in the sunspot cycle as a nonextensive phenomenon

Leonardo F. G. Batista, Thiago M. Santiago, Paulo C. F. da Silva Filho, Cleo V. Silva, Daniel B. de Freitas

Published 2022-12-06Version 1

The appearance of dark sunspots over the solar photosphere is not considered to be symmetric between the northern and southern hemispheres. Among the different conclusions obtained by several authors, we can point out that the North-South asymmetry is a real and systematic phenomenon and is not due to random variability. In the present work, we selected the sunspot area data of a sample of 13 solar cycles divided by hemisphere extracted from the Marshall Space Flight Centre (MSFC) database to investigate the behavior of probability distributions using an out-of-equilibrium statistical model a.k.a non-extensive statistical mechanics. Based on this statistical framework, we obtained that the non-extensive entropic parameter $q$ has a semi-sinusoidal variation with a period of $\sim$22 year (Hale cycle). Among the most important results, we can highlight that the asymmetry index $q(A)$ revealed the dominance of the northern hemisphere against the southern one. Thus, we concluded that the parameter $q(A)$ can be considered an effective measure for diagnosing long-term variations of the solar dynamo. Finally, our study opens a new approach to investigating solar variability from the nonextensive perspective.