CHANG-ES XXVI: Insights into cosmic-ray transport from radio halos in edge-on galaxies

M. Stein, V. Heesen, R. -J. Dettmar, Y. Stein, M. Brüggen, R. Beck, B. Adebahr, T. Wiegert, C. J. Vargas, D. J. Bomans, J. Li, J. English, K. T. Chyzy, R. Paladino, F. S. Tabatabaei, A. Strong

Published 2022-10-14Version 1

Galactic winds play a key role in regulating the evolution of galaxies over cosmic time. In recent years, the role of cosmic rays (CR) in the formation of the galactic wind has increasingly gained attention. Therefore, we use radio continuum data to analyse the cosmic ray transport in edge-on galaxies. Data from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) data release 2 at 144 MHz (HBA) and reprocessed VLA data at 1.6 GHz (L-band) from the Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies - an EVLA Survey (CHANG-ES) enable us to increase the extent of the analysed radio continuum profile significantly (up to a factor of 2) compared to previous studies. We compute thermal emission maps using a mixture approach of H-alpha and near infrared data, which is then subtracted to yield radio synchrotron emission maps. Then we compile non-thermal spectral index maps and compute intensity profiles using a box integration approach. Lastly, we perform 1D cosmic ray transport modelling. The non-thermal spectral index maps show evidence that the LoTSS maps are affected by thermal absorption, in star forming regions. The scale height analysis reveals that most of the galaxies are equally well fitted with an one-component instead of a twocomponent exponential profile. We find a bi-modality within our sample. While NGC 3432 and NGC 4013 have similar scale heights in the L-band and HBA, the low-frequency scale heights of NGC 891, NGC 4157, and NGC 4631 exceed their high-frequency counterpart significantly. The 1D CR transport modelling shows agreement of the predicted magnetic field strength and the magnetic field strength estimates of equipartition measurements. Additionally we find an increasing difference of wind velocities (with increasing height over the galactic disk) between central and outer regions of the analysed galaxies.