The Discovery of a Planetary Companion Interior to Hot Jupiter WASP-132 b

Benjamin J. Hord, Knicole D. Colón, Travis A. Berger, Veselin Kostov, Michele L. Silverstein, Keivan G. Stassun, Jack J. Lissauer, Karen A. Collins, Richard P. Schwarz, Ramotholo Sefako, Carl Ziegler, César Briceño, Nicholas Law, Andrew W. Mann, George R. Ricker, David W. Latham, Sara Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins, Luke G. Bouma, Ben Falk, Guillermo Torres, Joseph D. Twicken, Andrew Vanderburg

Published 2022-05-05Version 1

Hot Jupiters are generally observed to lack close planetary companions, a trend that has been interpreted as evidence for high-eccentricity migration. We present the discovery and validation of WASP-132 c (TOI-822.02), a 1.85 $\pm$ 0.10 $R_{\oplus}$ planet on a 1.01 day orbit interior to the hot Jupiter WASP-132 b. Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and ground-based follow-up observations, in conjunction with vetting and validation analysis, enable us to rule out common astrophysical false positives and validate the observed transit signal produced by WASP-132 c as a planet. Running the validation tools \texttt{vespa} and \texttt{triceratops} on this signal yield false positive probabilities of $9.02 \times 10^{-5}$ and 0.0107, respectively. Analysis of archival CORALIE radial velocity data leads to a 3$\sigma$ upper limit of 28.23 ms$^{-1}$ on the amplitude of any 1.01-day signal, corresponding to a 3$\sigma$ upper mass limit of 37.35 $M_{\oplus}$. Dynamical simulations reveal that the system is stable within the 3$\sigma$ uncertainties on planetary and orbital parameters for timescales of $\sim$100 Myr. The existence of a planetary companion near the hot Jupiter WASP-132 b makes the giant planet's formation and evolution via high-eccentricity migration highly unlikely. Being one of just a handful of nearby planetary companions to hot Jupiters, WASP-132 c carries with it significant implications for the formation of the system and hot Jupiters as a population.