Off the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation: a population of baryon-dominated ultra-diffuse galaxies

Pavel E. Mancera Piña, Filippo Fraternali, Elizabeth A. K. Adams, Antonino Marasco, Tom Oosterloo, Kyle A. Oman, Lukas Leisman, Enrico M. di Teodoro, Lorenzo Posti, Michael Battipaglia, John M. Cannon, Lexi Gault, Martha P. Haynes, Steven Janowiecki, Elizabeth McAllan, Hannah J. Pagel, Kameron Reiter, Katherine L. Rhode, John J. Salzer, Nicholas J. Smith

Published 2019-09-03Version 1

We study the gas kinematics traced by the 21-cm emission of a sample of six HI$-$rich low surface brightness galaxies classified as ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs). Using the 3D kinematic modelling code $\mathrm{^{3D}}$Barolo we derive robust circular velocities, revealing a startling feature: HI$-$rich UDGs are clear outliers from the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, with circular velocities much lower than galaxies with similar baryonic mass. Notably, the baryon fraction of our UDG sample is consistent with the cosmological value: these UDGs are compatible with having no "missing baryons" within their virial radii. Moreover, the gravitational potential provided by the baryons is sufficient to account for the amplitude of the rotation curve out to the outermost measured point, contrary to other galaxies with similar circular velocities. We speculate that any formation scenario for these objects will require very inefficient feedback and a broad diversity in their inner dark matter content.