Dirac operators and domain walls

Jianfeng Lu, Alexander B. Watson, Michael I. Weinstein

Published 2018-08-03Version 1

We study the eigenvalue problem for a one-dimensional Dirac operator with a spatially varying "mass" term. It is well-known that when the mass function has the form of a kink, or \emph{domain wall}, transitioning between strictly positive and strictly negative asymptotic mass, $\pm\kappa_\infty$, at $\pm\infty$, the Dirac operator has a unique \emph{zero mode}: an exponentially localized eigenfunction with eigenvalue at zero energy within a gap in the continuous spectrum. We prove that when the mass function has the form of \emph{two} domain walls separated by a sufficiently large distance $2 \delta$, the Dirac operator has two real eigenvalues of opposite sign and of order $e^{- 2 |\kappa_\infty| \delta}$. The associated eigenfunctions are, up to $L^2$ error of order $e^{- 2 |\kappa_\infty| \delta}$, linear combinations of shifted copies of the single domain wall zero mode. For the case of three domain walls, there are two non-zero eigenvalues as above and a unique zero energy eigenmode. Our methods are based on a Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction strategy and we outline their natural extension to the case of $n$ domain walls for which the minimal distance between domain walls is sufficiently large. The class of Dirac operators we consider controls the bifurcation of topologically protected "edge states" from Dirac points (linear band crossings) for classes of Schr\"odinger operators with domain-wall modulated periodic potentials in one and two space dimensions. The present results may be used to construct a rich class of defect modes in periodic structures modulated by multiple domain walls.