Prethermalization at low temperature: the scent of a spontaneously broken symmetry

Vincenzo Alba, Maurizio Fagotti

Published 2017-01-19Version 1

Non-equilibrium time evolution in isolated many-body quantum systems generally results in thermalization. However, the relaxation process can be very slow, and quasi-stationary non-thermal plateaux are often observed at intermediate times. The typical example is a quantum quench in an integrable model with weak integrability breaking; for a long time, the state can not escape the constraints imposed by the approximate integrability. Here we unveil a new mechanism of prethermalization, based on the presence of a symmetry of the pre-quench Hamiltonian, which is spontaneously broken at zero temperature, and is explicitly broken by the post-quench Hamiltonian. The typical time scale of the phenomenon is proportional to the thermal correlation length of the initial state, which diverges as the temperature is lowered. We show that the prethermal quasi-stationary state can be approximated by a mixed state that violates cluster decomposition property. We consider two examples: the transverse-field Ising chain, where the full time evolution is computed analytically, and the (non integrable) ANNNI model, which is investigated numerically.