{
  "id": "2506.14601",
  "version": "v2",
  "published": "2025-06-17T15:05:15.000Z",
  "updated": "2025-06-25T15:39:27.000Z",
  "title": "The accretion luminosity of Class I protostars",
  "authors": [
    "L. Testi",
    "A. Natta",
    "S. Gozzi",
    "C. F. Manara",
    "J. P. Williams",
    "R. Claes",
    "U. Lebreuilly",
    "P. Hennebelle",
    "R. Klessen",
    "S. Molinari"
  ],
  "comment": "Accepted for publication on A&A",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.SR",
    "astro-ph.GA"
  ],
  "abstract": "The value of the accretion luminosity during the early phases of star formation is a crucial information which helps us understand how stars form, yet it is still very difficult to obtain. We develop a new methodology to measure accretion luminosity using mid-infrared hydrogen recombination lines, and apply it to a limited sample of Class~I protostars in the Taurus and Ophiuchus star forming regions. We adopt the commonly used assumption that the properties of disk-protostar accretion in Class I objects is similar to the disk-star accretion in Class II objects. Using simultaneous observations of three hydrogen recombination lines Brg, Pfg, and Bra, we derive the mean intrinsic line ratios, and we verified that these are constant across the probed range of photospheric and accretion properties. We establish correlations between the line luminosities and accretion luminosity. We measure the extinction towards the line emission regions in Class I protostars comparing the observed line ratios to the Class II mean values. We then derive the Class I accretion luminosities from the established Class II correlations. We find that the accretion luminosity dominates the bolometric luminosity for the more embedded protostars, corresponding to lower values of the bolometric temperature. As the bolometric temperature increases above ~700K, there is a sharp drop of the contribution of the accretion from the bolometric luminosity. Our finding are in qualitative agreement with numerical simulations of star formation. We suggest that this methodology should be applied to larger and more statistically significant samples of Class I objects, for a more detailed comparison. Our results also suggest that by combining multiple infrared line ratios, it will be possible to derive a more detailed description of the dust extinction law in protostellar envelopes.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v2",
      "updated": "2025-06-25T15:39:27.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "protostars",
      "multiple infrared line ratios",
      "mean intrinsic line ratios",
      "star formation",
      "bolometric luminosity"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 0,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}