{
  "id": "2401.08044",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2024-01-16T01:51:19.000Z",
  "updated": "2024-01-16T01:51:19.000Z",
  "title": "Quantum Simulations of Hadron Dynamics in the Schwinger Model using 112 Qubits",
  "authors": [
    "Roland C. Farrell",
    "Marc Illa",
    "Anthony N. Ciavarella",
    "Martin J. Savage"
  ],
  "comment": "53 pages, 19 figures, 20 tables",
  "categories": [
    "quant-ph",
    "hep-lat",
    "hep-ph",
    "nucl-th"
  ],
  "abstract": "Hadron wavepackets are prepared and time evolved in the Schwinger model using 112 qubits of IBM's 133-qubit Heron quantum computer ibm_torino. The initialization of the hadron wavepacket is performed in two steps. First, the vacuum is prepared across the whole lattice using the recently developed SC-ADAPT-VQE algorithm and workflow. SC-ADAPT-VQE is then extended to the preparation of localized states, and used to establish a hadron wavepacket on top of the vacuum. This is done by adaptively constructing low-depth circuits that maximize the overlap with an adiabatically prepared hadron wavepacket. Due to the localized nature of the wavepacket, these circuits can be determined on a sequence of small lattices using classical computers, and then robustly scaled to prepare wavepackets on large lattices for simulations using quantum computers. Time evolution is implemented with a second-order Trotterization. To reduce both the required qubit connectivity and circuit depth, an approximate quasi-local interaction is introduced. This approximation is made possible by the emergence of confinement at long distances, and converges exponentially with increasing distance of the interactions. Using multiple error-mitigation strategies, up to 14 Trotter steps of time evolution are performed, employing 13,858 two-qubit gates (with a CNOT depth of 370). The propagation of hadrons is clearly identified, with results that compare favorably with Matrix Product State simulations. Prospects for a near-term quantum advantage in simulations of hadron scattering are discussed.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2024-01-16T01:51:19.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "schwinger model",
      "hadron dynamics",
      "quantum simulations",
      "hadron wavepacket",
      "matrix product state simulations"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 53,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}