{
  "id": "2308.05798",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2023-08-10T18:00:03.000Z",
  "updated": "2023-08-10T18:00:03.000Z",
  "title": "Black-Hole Formation Accompanied by the Supernova Explosion of a 40-M$_{\\odot}$ Progenitor Star",
  "authors": [
    "Adam Burrows",
    "David Vartanyan",
    "Tianshu Wang"
  ],
  "comment": "23 pages, 15 figures. Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.SR",
    "astro-ph.HE"
  ],
  "abstract": "We have simulated the collapse and evolution of the core of a solar-metallicity 40-M$_{\\odot}$ star and find that it explodes vigorously by the neutrino mechanism. This despite its very high ``compactness\". Within $\\sim$1.5 seconds of explosion, a black hole forms. The explosion is very asymmetrical and has a total explosion energy of $\\sim$1.6$\\times$10$^{51}$ ergs. At black hole formation, its baryon mass is $\\sim$2.434 M$_{\\odot}$ and gravitational mass is 2.286 M$_{\\odot}$. Seven seconds after black hole formation an additional $\\sim$0.2 M$_{\\odot}$ is accreted, leaving a black hole baryon mass of $\\sim$2.63 M$_{\\odot}$. A disk forms around the proto-neutron star, from which a pair of neutrino-driven jets emanates. These jets accelerate some of the matter up to speeds of $\\sim$45,000 km s$^{-1}$ and contain matter with entropies of $\\sim$50. The large spatial asymmetry in the explosion results in a residual black hole recoil speed of $\\sim$1000 km s$^{-1}$. This novel black-hole formation channel now joins the other black-hole formation channel between $\\sim$12 and $\\sim$15 M$_{\\odot}$ discovered previously and implies that the black-hole/neutron-star birth ratio for solar-metallicity stars could be $\\sim$20%. However, one channel leaves black holes in perhaps the $\\sim$5-15 M$_{\\odot}$ range with low kick speeds, while the other leaves black holes in $\\sim$2.5 M$_{\\odot}$ mass range with high kick speeds. This exotic channel of lower-mass black hole formation, accompanied by a very asymmetrical supernova explosion, reveals the importance of performing detailed and fully 3D simulations in order to determine the mapping of initial states to outcomes in the core-collapse context.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2023-08-10T18:00:03.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "supernova explosion",
      "progenitor star",
      "leaves black holes",
      "lower-mass black hole formation",
      "kick speeds"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 23,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}