{
  "id": "2305.04613",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2023-05-08T10:47:03.000Z",
  "updated": "2023-05-08T10:47:03.000Z",
  "title": "Breakdown of the Newton-Einstein Standard Gravity at Low Acceleration in Internal Dynamics of Wide Binary Stars",
  "authors": [
    "Kyu-Hyun Chae"
  ],
  "comment": "31 pages, 28 figures, submitted to ApJ",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.GA",
    "astro-ph.SR",
    "gr-qc",
    "hep-th"
  ],
  "abstract": "A gravitational anomaly is found at weak gravitational acceleration $g_{\\rm{N}} < 10^{-9}$ m s$^{-2}$ from analyses of the dynamics of wide binary stars selected from the Gaia EDR3 database that have accurate distances, proper motions, and reliably inferred stellar masses. Implicit high-order multiplicities are required and the multiplicity fraction is calibrated so that binary internal motions agree statistically with Newtonian dynamics at a high enough acceleration of $10^{-8}$ m s$^{-2}$. The observed sky-projected motions and separation are deprojected to the three-dimensional relative velocity $v$ and separation $r$ through a Monte Carlo method, and a statistical relation between the Newtonian acceleration $g_{\\rm{N}} \\equiv GM/r^2$ (where $M$ is the total mass of the binary system) and a kinematic acceleration $g \\equiv v^2/r$ is compared with the corresponding relation predicted by Newtonian dynamics. The empirical acceleration relation at $< 10^{-9}$ m s$^{-2}$ systematically deviates from the Newtonian expectation. A gravitational anomaly parameter $\\delta_{\\rm{obs-newt}}$ between the observed acceleration at $g_{\\rm{N}}$ and the Newtonian prediction is measured to be: $\\delta_{\\rm{obs-newt}}= 0.034\\pm 0.007$ and $0.109\\pm 0.013$ at $g_{\\rm{N}}\\approx10^{-8.91}$ and $10^{-10.15}$ m s$^{-2}$, from the main sample of 26,615 wide binaries within 200 pc. These two deviations in the same direction represent a $10\\sigma$ significance. The deviation represents a direct evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity at weak acceleration. At $g_{\\rm{N}}=10^{-10.15}$ m s$^{-2}$, the observed to Newton predicted acceleration ratio is $g_{\\rm{obs}}/g_{\\rm{pred}}=10^{\\sqrt{2}\\delta_{\\rm{obs-newt}}}=1.43\\pm 0.06$. This systematic deviation agrees with the boost factor that the AQUAL theory predicts for kinematic accelerations in circular orbits under the Galactic external field.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2023-05-08T10:47:03.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "wide binary stars",
      "newton-einstein standard gravity",
      "internal dynamics",
      "low acceleration",
      "internal motions agree"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 31,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}