{
  "id": "2212.12281",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2022-12-23T12:06:42.000Z",
  "updated": "2022-12-23T12:06:42.000Z",
  "title": "Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment in Protoclusters",
  "authors": [
    "Keita Fukushima",
    "Kentaro Nagamine",
    "Ikkoh Shimizu"
  ],
  "comment": "19 pages, 17 figures, 2 tables, submitted to MNRAS",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.GA"
  ],
  "abstract": "We examine star formation and chemical enrichment in protoclusters (PCs) using cosmological zoom-in hydrodynamic simulations. We find that the total star formation rate (SFR) in all PC ($>10^{14.4}\\,h^{-1}$~M$_\\odot$) reaches $>10^4\\,\\mathrm{M}_\\odot \\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$\\, at $z=3$, equivalent to the observed PCs. The SFR in the Core region accounts for about $30\\%$ of the total star formation in the PC at $z\\gtrsim1$, suggesting the importance of the outer regions to reveal the evolution of galaxy clusters. We find that the total SFR of PC is dominated by galaxies with $10^{10}\\,\\le\\,(\\mathrm{M}_\\star/M_\\odot)\\,\\le\\,10^{11}$, while more massive galaxies dominate the SFR in the Core. For the chemical abundance evolution, we find that the higher-density region has a higher metallicity and faster evolution. We show that the [O/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] relation turns down in the Core at $z=3.4$ due to the enrichment of Fe by Type Ia supernovae. We find no environmental effects for the mass--metallicity relations (MZR) or $\\log$(N/O) vs. $12+\\log$(O/H) for galaxies. We find that the chemical enrichment in galaxy clusters proceeds faster in the high redshift Universe ($z>1$). Our work will benefit future tomographic observations, particularly using PCs as unique probes of accelerated structure formation and evolution in high-density regions of the universe.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2022-12-23T12:06:42.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "chemical enrichment",
      "protoclusters",
      "total star formation rate",
      "galaxy clusters proceeds faster",
      "core region accounts"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 19,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}