{
  "id": "2101.07702",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2021-01-19T16:06:57.000Z",
  "updated": "2021-01-19T16:06:57.000Z",
  "title": "High-Energy Neutrino Production in Clusters of Galaxies",
  "authors": [
    "Saqib Hussain",
    "Rafael Alves Batista",
    "Elisabete M. de Gouveia Dal Pino",
    "Klaus Dolag"
  ],
  "comment": "12 pages, 28 figures, journal paper",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.HE",
    "astro-ph.GA"
  ],
  "abstract": "Clusters of galaxies can potentially produce cosmic rays (CRs) up to very-high energies via large-scale shocks and turbulent acceleration. Due to their unique magnetic-field configuration, CRs with energy $\\leq 10^{17}$ eV can be trapped within these structures over cosmological time scales, and generate secondary particles, including neutrinos and gamma rays, through interactions with the background gas and photons. In this work, we compute the contribution from clusters of galaxies to the diffuse neutrino background. We employ three-dimensional cosmological magnetohydrodynamical simulations of structure formation to model the turbulent intergalactic medium. We use the distribution of clusters within this cosmological volume to extract the properties of this population, including mass, magnetic field, temperature, and density. We propagate CRs into this environment using multi-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations across different redshifts (from $z \\sim 5$ to $z =0$), considering all relevant photohadronic, photonuclear, and hadronuclear interaction processes. For CRs injected with a power-law energy spectrum $\\propto E^{-2}$, we find that clusters contribute to the diffuse flux observed by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory with up to $\\sim 20 \\;\\%$. On the other hand, for a CR spectrum $\\propto E^{-1.5}$, our results are compatible with the observed flux of IceCube, though most of the contribution comes from clusters with $M \\gtrsim 10^{14} M_{\\odot}$ and redshift $ z \\lesssim 0.3$. These results suggest that clusters of galaxies can account for a sizeable fraction of the diffuse neutrino background.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2021-01-19T16:06:57.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "high-energy neutrino production",
      "diffuse neutrino background",
      "multi-dimensional monte carlo simulations",
      "turbulent intergalactic medium",
      "icecube neutrino observatory"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 12,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}