{
  "id": "2010.15270",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2020-10-28T23:04:56.000Z",
  "updated": "2020-10-28T23:04:56.000Z",
  "title": "From core collapse to superluminous: The rates of massive stellar explosions from the Palomar Transient Factory",
  "authors": [
    "C. Frohmaier",
    "C. R. Angus",
    "M. Vincenzi",
    "M. Sullivan",
    "M. Smith",
    "P. E. Nugent",
    "S. B. Cenko",
    "A. Gal-Yam",
    "S. R. Kulkarni",
    "N. M. Law",
    "R. M. Quimby"
  ],
  "comment": "17 pages, 10 figures, submitted to MNRAS",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.HE"
  ],
  "abstract": "We present measurements of the local core collapse supernova (SN) rate using SN discoveries from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). We use a Monte Carlo simulation of hundreds of millions of SN light curve realizations coupled with the detailed PTF survey detection efficiencies to forward-model the SN rates in PTF. Using a sample of 86 core collapse SNe, including 26 stripped-envelope SNe (SESNe), we show that the overall core collapse SN volumetric rate is $r^\\mathrm{CC}_v=9.10_{-1.27}^{+1.56}\\times10^{-5}\\,\\text{SNe yr}^{-1}\\,\\text{Mpc}^{-3}\\, h_{70}^{3}$ at $ \\langle z \\rangle = 0.028$, and the SESN volumetric rate is $r^\\mathrm{SE}_v=2.41_{-0.64}^{+0.81}\\times10^{-5}\\, \\text{SNe yr}^{-1}\\,\\text{Mpc}^{-3}\\, h_{70}^{3}$. We further measure a volumetric rate for hydrogen-free superluminous SNe (SLSNe-I) using 8 events at $z{\\le}0.2$ of $r^\\mathrm{SLSN-I}_v=35_{-13}^{+25}\\, \\text{SNe yr}^{-1}\\text{Gpc}^{-3}\\, h_{70}^{3}$, which represents the most precise SLSN-I rate measurement to date. Using a simple cosmic star-formation history to adjust these volumetric rate measurements to the same redshift, we measure a local ratio of SLSN-I to SESN of $\\sim1/810^{+1500}_{-94}$, and of SLSN-I to all CCSN types of $\\sim 1/3500^{+2800}_{-720}$. However, using host galaxy stellar mass as a proxy for metallicity, we also show that this ratio is strongly metallicity dependent: in low-mass ($\\mathrm{log} M_{*} < 9.5 \\mathrm{M}_\\odot$) galaxies, which are the only environments that host SLSN-I in our sample, we measure a SLSN-I to SESN fraction of $1/300^{+380}_{-170}$ and $1/1700^{+1800}_{-720}$ for all CCSN. We further investigate the SN rates a function of host galaxy stellar mass and show that the specific rates of all core collapse SNe decrease with increasing stellar mass.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2020-10-28T23:04:56.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "palomar transient factory",
      "massive stellar explosions",
      "host galaxy stellar mass",
      "collapse sn volumetric rate",
      "core collapse sn volumetric"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 17,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}