{
  "id": "1902.10013",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2019-02-26T15:50:49.000Z",
  "updated": "2019-02-26T15:50:49.000Z",
  "title": "Flux and storage of energy in non-equilibrium, stationary states",
  "authors": [
    "Robert Hołyst",
    "Anna Maciołek",
    "Yirui Zhang",
    "Marek Litniewski",
    "Piotr Knychała",
    "Maciej Kasprzak",
    "Michal Banaszak"
  ],
  "categories": [
    "cond-mat.stat-mech"
  ],
  "abstract": "Systems kept out of equilibrium in stationary states by an external source of energy store an energy $\\Delta U=U-U_0$. $U_0$ is the internal energy at equilibrium state, obtained after the shutdown of energy input. We determine $\\Delta U$ for two model systems: ideal gas and Lennard-Jones fluid. $\\Delta U$ depends not only on the total energy flux, $J_U$, but also on the mode of energy transfer into the system. We use three different modes of energy transfer where: the energy flux per unit volume is (i) constant; (ii) proportional to the local temperature (iii) proportional to the local density. We show that $\\Delta U /J_U=\\tau$ is minimized in the stationary states formed in these systems, irrespective of the mode of energy transfer. $\\tau$ is the characteristic time scale of energy outflow from the system immediately after the shutdown of energy flux. We prove that $\\tau$ is minimized in stable states of the Rayleigh-Benard cell.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2019-02-26T15:50:49.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "stationary states",
      "energy transfer",
      "non-equilibrium",
      "total energy flux",
      "characteristic time scale"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 0,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}