{
  "id": "1812.01615",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2018-12-04T19:00:02.000Z",
  "updated": "2018-12-04T19:00:02.000Z",
  "title": "Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time",
  "authors": [
    "Mark R. Krumholz",
    "Christopher F. McKee",
    "Joss Bland-Hawthorn"
  ],
  "comment": "To appear in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics; 76 pages, 15 figures",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.GA",
    "astro-ph.SR"
  ],
  "abstract": "Star clusters stand at the intersection of much of modern astrophysics: the interstellar medium, gravitational dynamics, stellar evolution, and cosmology. Here we review observations and theoretical models for the formation, evolution, and eventual disruption of star clusters. Current literature suggests a picture of this life cycle with several phases: (1) Clusters form in hierarchically-structured, accreting molecular clouds that convert gas into stars at a low rate per dynamical time until feedback disperses the gas. (2) The densest parts of the hierarchy resist gas removal long enough to reach high star formation efficiency, becoming dynamically-relaxed and well-mixed. These remain bound after gas removal. (3) In the first $\\sim 100$ Myr after gas removal, clusters disperse moderately fast, through a combination of mass loss and tidal shocks by dense molecular structures in the star-forming environment. (4) After $\\sim 100$ Myr, clusters lose mass via two-body relaxation and shocks by giant molecular clouds, processes that preferentially affect low-mass clusters and cause a turnover in the cluster mass function to appear on $\\sim 1-10$ Gyr timescales. (5) Even after dispersal, some clusters remain coherent and thus detectable in chemical or action space for multiple galactic orbits. In the next decade a new generation of space- and AO-assisted ground-based telescopes will enable us to test and refine this picture.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2018-12-04T19:00:02.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "star clusters",
      "cosmic time",
      "hierarchy resist gas removal long",
      "reach high star formation efficiency",
      "molecular clouds"
    ],
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 76,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}