{
  "id": "1711.03770",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2017-11-10T11:13:56.000Z",
  "updated": "2017-11-10T11:13:56.000Z",
  "title": "Temperature in and out of equilibrium: a review of concepts, tools and attempts",
  "authors": [
    "A. Puglisi",
    "A. Sarracino",
    "A. Vulpiani"
  ],
  "comment": "Review article, 137 pages, 12 figures",
  "journal": "Physics Reports 709, 1 (2017)",
  "doi": "10.1016/j.physrep.2017.09.001",
  "categories": [
    "cond-mat.stat-mech",
    "cond-mat.soft"
  ],
  "abstract": "We review the general aspects of the concept of temperature in equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Although temperature is an old and well-established notion, it still presents controversial facets. After a short historical survey of the key role of temperature in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, we tackle a series of issues which have been recently reconsidered. In particular, we discuss different definitions and their relevance for energy fluctuations. The interest in such a topic has been triggered by the recent observation of negative temperatures in condensed matter experiments. Moreover, the ability to manipulate systems at the micro and nano-scale urges to understand and clarify some aspects related to the statistical properties of small systems (as the issue of temperature's \"fluctuations\"). We also discuss the notion of temperature in a dynamical context, within the theory of linear response for Hamiltonian systems at equilibrium and stochastic models with detailed balance, and the generalised fluctuation-response relations, which provide a hint for an extension of the definition of temperature in far-from-equilibrium systems. To conclude we consider non-Hamiltonian systems, such as granular materials, turbulence and active matter, where a general theoretical framework is still lacking.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2017-11-10T11:13:56.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "temperature",
      "nano-scale urges",
      "general theoretical framework",
      "non-equilibrium statistical mechanics",
      "granular materials"
    ],
    "tags": [
      "review article",
      "journal article"
    ],
    "publication": {
      "publisher": "Elsevier",
      "journal": "Phys. Rep."
    },
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 137,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable"
    }
  }
}