{
  "id": "1509.07034",
  "version": "v1",
  "published": "2015-09-23T15:37:05.000Z",
  "updated": "2015-09-23T15:37:05.000Z",
  "title": "Impact of dust cooling on direct collapse black hole formation",
  "authors": [
    "M. A. Latif",
    "K. Omukai",
    "M. Habouzit",
    "D. R. G. Schleicher",
    "M. Volonteri"
  ],
  "comment": "Submitted for publication in MNRAS, comments are welcome",
  "categories": [
    "astro-ph.GA",
    "astro-ph.CO"
  ],
  "abstract": "Observations of quasars at $z> 6$ suggest the presence of black holes with a few times $\\rm 10^9 ~M_{\\odot}$. Numerous models have been proposed to explain their existence including the direct collapse which provides massive seeds of $\\rm 10^5~M_{\\odot}$. The isothermal direct collapse requires a strong Lyman-Werner flux to quench $\\rm H_2$ formation in massive primordial halos. In this study, we explore the impact of trace amounts of metals and dust enrichment. We perform three dimensional cosmological simulations for two halos of $\\rm > 10^7~M_{\\odot}$ with $\\rm Z/Z_{\\odot}= 10^{-4}-10^{-6}$ illuminated by an intense Lyman Werner flux of $\\rm J_{21}=10^5$. Our results show that initially the collapse proceeds isothermally with $\\rm T \\sim 8000$ K but dust cooling becomes effective at densities of $\\rm 10^{8}-10^{12} ~cm^{-3}$ and brings the gas temperature down to a few 100-1000 K for $\\rm Z/Z_{\\odot} \\geq 10^{-6}$. No gravitationally bound clumps are found in $\\rm Z/Z_{\\odot} \\leq 10^{-5}$ cases by the end of our simulations in contrast to the case with $\\rm Z/Z_{\\odot} = 10^{-4}$. Large inflow rates of $\\rm \\geq 0.1~M_{\\odot}/yr$ are observed for $\\rm Z/Z_{\\odot} \\leq 10^{-5}$ similar to a zero-metallicity case while for $\\rm Z/Z_{\\odot} = 10^{-4}$ the inflow rate starts to decline earlier. For given large inflow rates a central star of $\\rm \\sim 10^4~M_{\\odot}$ may form for $\\rm Z/Z_{\\odot} \\leq 10^{-5}$. Even in the case of strong fragmentation, a dense stellar cluster is expected to form which may later collapse into a black hole seed of up to $\\rm 1000~M_{\\odot}$.",
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": "v1",
      "updated": "2015-09-23T15:37:05.000Z"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": {
    "keywords": [
      "direct collapse black hole formation",
      "dust cooling",
      "large inflow rates",
      "intense lyman werner flux",
      "isothermal direct collapse"
    ],
    "publication": {
      "doi": "10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/40"
    },
    "note": {
      "typesetting": "TeX",
      "pages": 0,
      "language": "en",
      "license": "arXiv",
      "status": "editable",
      "adsabs": "2015arXiv150907034L",
      "inspire": 1394528
    }
  }
}